Articles | Volume 2, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2-49-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2-49-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Feb 2021
Research article |
| 18 Feb 2021
| 18 Feb 2021
Open-source, partially 3D-printed, high-pressure (50-bar) liquid-nitrogen-cooled parahydrogen generator
Frowin Ellermann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Section for Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence
Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University
Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
Andrey Pravdivtsev
Section for Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence
Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University
Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
Jan-Bernd Hövener
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Section for Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence
Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University
Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
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Cited
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Selective excitation doubles the transfer of parahydrogen-induced polarization to heteronuclei A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1039/D1CP01891D
- Temperature lowering of liquid nitrogen via injection of helium gas bubbles improves the generation of parahydrogen‐enriched gas J. Daley et al. 10.1002/mrc.5423
- In-house fabrication of 1.3 to 7 mm MAS drive caps using desktop 3D printers C. Amerein et al. 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107391
- Spying on parahydrogen-induced polarization transfer using a half-tesla benchtop MRI and hyperpolarized imaging enabled by automation F. Ellermann et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-40539-9
- Frequency‐Selective Manipulations of Spins allow Effective and Robust Transfer of Spin Order from Parahydrogen to Heteronuclei in Weakly‐Coupled Spin Systems A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1002/cphc.202100721
- Selective NMR detection of individual reaction components hyperpolarised by reversible exchange with para-hydrogen P. Norcott 10.1039/D2CP01657E
- Modern Manufacturing Enables Magnetic Field Cycling Experiments and Parahydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization with a Benchtop NMR F. Ellermann et al. 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03682
- Hyperpolarised benchtop NMR spectroscopy for analytical applications A. Silva Terra et al. 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2024.10.001
- Analysis of chemical exchange in iridium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes using heteronuclear parahydrogen-enhanced NMR C. Assaf et al. 10.1038/s42004-024-01376-z
- Understanding Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation by Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization NMR Spectroscopy W. Wang et al. 10.1021/acscatal.2c05659
- Heteronuclear Parahydrogen‐Induced Hyperpolarization via Side Arm Hydrogenation O. Salnikov et al. 10.1002/cphc.202401119
- Exceptionally Mild and High-Yielding Synthesis of Vinyl Esters of Alpha-Ketocarboxylic Acids, Including Vinyl Pyruvate, for Parahydrogen-Enhanced Metabolic Spectroscopy and Imaging A. Brahms et al. 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01461
- Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance J. Eills et al. 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534
- Instrumentation for Hydrogenative Parahydrogen-Based Hyperpolarization Techniques A. Schmidt et al. 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04863
- Coherent Evolution of Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in Two Alternating Fields (alt‐SABRE) A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1002/cphc.202100543
- 65% Parahydrogen from a liquid nitrogen cooled generator Y. Mhaske et al. 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107249
- Molecular Fragmentation as a Strategy to Access Hyperpolarized Compounds from Para‐Hydrogen P. Norcott 10.1002/cphc.202500105
- Synthesis of13C and2H Labeled Vinyl Pyruvate and Hyperpolarization of Pyruvate A. Brahms et al. 10.1002/chem.202201210
- Magnetization and Polarization of Coupled Nuclear Spins Ensembles at High Magnetic Fields D. Barskiy & A. Pravdivtsev 10.1002/cphc.202500092
- Quasi-continuous production of highly hyperpolarized carbon-13 contrast agents every 15 seconds within an MRI system A. Schmidt et al. 10.1038/s42004-022-00634-2
- Reconversion of Parahydrogen Gas in Surfactant-Coated Glass NMR Tubes R. Chimenti et al. 10.3390/molecules28052329
- Unconventional Parahydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization Effects in Chemistry and Catalysis: From Photoreactions to Enzymes A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1021/acscatal.4c07870
- Selective excitation of hydrogen doubles the yield and improves the robustness of parahydrogen-induced polarization of low-γ nuclei A. Schmidt et al. 10.1039/D1CP04153C
- Symmetry Constraints on Spin Order Transfer in Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization (PHIP) A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.3390/sym14030530
- SABRE Hyperpolarization with up to 200 bar Parahydrogen in Standard and Quickly Removable Solvents A. Duchowny et al. 10.3390/ijms24032465
- Advancing homogeneous catalysis for parahydrogen-derived hyperpolarisation and its NMR applications B. Tickner & V. Zhivonitko 10.1039/D2SC00737A
- Parawasserstoff‐induzierte Polarisation von Aminosäuren A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1002/ange.202100109
- Parahydrogen‐Induced Polarization of Amino Acids A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1002/anie.202100109
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Selective excitation doubles the transfer of parahydrogen-induced polarization to heteronuclei A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1039/D1CP01891D
- Temperature lowering of liquid nitrogen via injection of helium gas bubbles improves the generation of parahydrogen‐enriched gas J. Daley et al. 10.1002/mrc.5423
- In-house fabrication of 1.3 to 7 mm MAS drive caps using desktop 3D printers C. Amerein et al. 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107391
- Spying on parahydrogen-induced polarization transfer using a half-tesla benchtop MRI and hyperpolarized imaging enabled by automation F. Ellermann et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-40539-9
- Frequency‐Selective Manipulations of Spins allow Effective and Robust Transfer of Spin Order from Parahydrogen to Heteronuclei in Weakly‐Coupled Spin Systems A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1002/cphc.202100721
- Selective NMR detection of individual reaction components hyperpolarised by reversible exchange with para-hydrogen P. Norcott 10.1039/D2CP01657E
- Modern Manufacturing Enables Magnetic Field Cycling Experiments and Parahydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization with a Benchtop NMR F. Ellermann et al. 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03682
- Hyperpolarised benchtop NMR spectroscopy for analytical applications A. Silva Terra et al. 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2024.10.001
- Analysis of chemical exchange in iridium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes using heteronuclear parahydrogen-enhanced NMR C. Assaf et al. 10.1038/s42004-024-01376-z
- Understanding Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation by Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization NMR Spectroscopy W. Wang et al. 10.1021/acscatal.2c05659
- Heteronuclear Parahydrogen‐Induced Hyperpolarization via Side Arm Hydrogenation O. Salnikov et al. 10.1002/cphc.202401119
- Exceptionally Mild and High-Yielding Synthesis of Vinyl Esters of Alpha-Ketocarboxylic Acids, Including Vinyl Pyruvate, for Parahydrogen-Enhanced Metabolic Spectroscopy and Imaging A. Brahms et al. 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01461
- Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance J. Eills et al. 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534
- Instrumentation for Hydrogenative Parahydrogen-Based Hyperpolarization Techniques A. Schmidt et al. 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04863
- Coherent Evolution of Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in Two Alternating Fields (alt‐SABRE) A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1002/cphc.202100543
- 65% Parahydrogen from a liquid nitrogen cooled generator Y. Mhaske et al. 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107249
- Molecular Fragmentation as a Strategy to Access Hyperpolarized Compounds from Para‐Hydrogen P. Norcott 10.1002/cphc.202500105
- Synthesis of13C and2H Labeled Vinyl Pyruvate and Hyperpolarization of Pyruvate A. Brahms et al. 10.1002/chem.202201210
- Magnetization and Polarization of Coupled Nuclear Spins Ensembles at High Magnetic Fields D. Barskiy & A. Pravdivtsev 10.1002/cphc.202500092
- Quasi-continuous production of highly hyperpolarized carbon-13 contrast agents every 15 seconds within an MRI system A. Schmidt et al. 10.1038/s42004-022-00634-2
- Reconversion of Parahydrogen Gas in Surfactant-Coated Glass NMR Tubes R. Chimenti et al. 10.3390/molecules28052329
- Unconventional Parahydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization Effects in Chemistry and Catalysis: From Photoreactions to Enzymes A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1021/acscatal.4c07870
- Selective excitation of hydrogen doubles the yield and improves the robustness of parahydrogen-induced polarization of low-γ nuclei A. Schmidt et al. 10.1039/D1CP04153C
- Symmetry Constraints on Spin Order Transfer in Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization (PHIP) A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.3390/sym14030530
- SABRE Hyperpolarization with up to 200 bar Parahydrogen in Standard and Quickly Removable Solvents A. Duchowny et al. 10.3390/ijms24032465
- Advancing homogeneous catalysis for parahydrogen-derived hyperpolarisation and its NMR applications B. Tickner & V. Zhivonitko 10.1039/D2SC00737A
- Parawasserstoff‐induzierte Polarisation von Aminosäuren A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1002/ange.202100109
- Parahydrogen‐Induced Polarization of Amino Acids A. Pravdivtsev et al. 10.1002/anie.202100109
Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Jun 2025
Short summary
Modern contrast agents for MRI lead to new methods for e.g. cancer diagnosis. One of these promising methods is called PHIP (parahydrogen-induced polarization) and can be performed at low instrumentation costs. However, it is based on parahydrogen which has to be produced on-site. Since commercial generators cost up to 150 000 Euro, we decided to provide the blueprints of our generator (< 3000 Euro) as open source to enable more groups to build their own generator and enter this research field.
Modern contrast agents for MRI lead to new methods for e.g. cancer diagnosis. One of these...
