Articles | Volume 1, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-75-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-75-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Distance measurement between trityl radicals by pulse dressed electron paramagnetic resonance with phase modulation
Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Henrik Hintz
Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
Agathe Vanas
Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Adelheid Godt
Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
Gunnar Jeschke
Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Gunnar Jeschke, Nino Wili, Yufei Wu, Sergei Kuzin, Hugo Karas, Henrik Hintz, and Adelheid Godt
Magn. Reson. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-17, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for MR
Short summary
Short summary
Electron spins sense their environment via magnetic interactions. An important contribution stems from nuclear spins in their vicinity. They cause loss of coherence and thus reduce resolution of spectra obtained by experiments on electron spins and the efficiency of transferring electron-spin magentization to other nuclear spins. Here we study how protons in trityl radicals contribute to coherence loss. Such coherence loss is slower in the presence of a strong microwave field.
Marvin Lenjer, Nino Wili, Fabian Hecker, and Marina Bennati
Magn. Reson. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-16, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-16, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for MR
Short summary
Short summary
Electron spin dynamics during microwave irradiation are of increasing interest in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Here, we show that these dynamics can be probed by modern pulse EPR experiments that use shaped microwave pulses. Combined with spin dynamics simulations, these results provide a starting point for optimizing existing EPR experiments and for developing new pulse sequences.
Julian Stropp, Nino Wili, Niels Christian Nielsen, and Daniel Klose
Magn. Reson. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-14, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for MR
Short summary
Short summary
Sensitivity is often the limiting factor in ENDOR. Here, we demonstrate how using chirp radiofrequency pulses can improve ENDOR sensitivity up to 3-9-fold, with the strongest increase for broader lines often encountered in disordered solids for nuclei such as nitrogen and metals. The resulting drastic speed-up in acquisition times renders also 2D ENDOR more feasible, as we demonstrate in 2D TRIPLE showing correlations of Cu hyperfine couplings.
Nino Wili, Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen, and Gunnar Jeschke
Magn. Reson., 3, 161–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-3-161-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-3-161-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) transfers polarisation from electron to nuclear spins. This is usually combined with direct detection of the latter. Here, we show that it is possible to reverse the transfer at 1.2 T. This allows us to investigate the spin dynamics of nuclear spins close to electrons – something that is notoriously difficult with established methods. We expect reverse DNP to be useful in the study of spin diffusion or as a building block for more elaborate pulse sequences.
Kathrin Aebischer, Nino Wili, Zdeněk Tošner, and Matthias Ernst
Magn. Reson., 1, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Resonant pulses in a spin-lock frame are used to select parts of the rf-field distribution in NMR experiments. Such pulses can be implemented in a straightforward way and arbitrarily shaped pulses can be used. We show an application of such pulses in homonuclear decoupling where restricting the amplitude distribution of the rf field leads to improved performance.
Gunnar Jeschke, Nino Wili, Yufei Wu, Sergei Kuzin, Hugo Karas, Henrik Hintz, and Adelheid Godt
Magn. Reson. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-17, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for MR
Short summary
Short summary
Electron spins sense their environment via magnetic interactions. An important contribution stems from nuclear spins in their vicinity. They cause loss of coherence and thus reduce resolution of spectra obtained by experiments on electron spins and the efficiency of transferring electron-spin magentization to other nuclear spins. Here we study how protons in trityl radicals contribute to coherence loss. Such coherence loss is slower in the presence of a strong microwave field.
Marvin Lenjer, Nino Wili, Fabian Hecker, and Marina Bennati
Magn. Reson. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-16, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-16, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for MR
Short summary
Short summary
Electron spin dynamics during microwave irradiation are of increasing interest in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Here, we show that these dynamics can be probed by modern pulse EPR experiments that use shaped microwave pulses. Combined with spin dynamics simulations, these results provide a starting point for optimizing existing EPR experiments and for developing new pulse sequences.
Jörg Wolfgang Anselm Fischer, Julian Stropp, René Tschaggelar, Oliver Oberhänsli, Nicholas Alaniva, Mariko Inoue, Kazushi Mashima, Alexander Benjamin Barnes, Gunnar Jeschke, and Daniel Klose
Magn. Reson., 5, 143–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-5-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-5-143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show the design, simulations, and experimental performance of a 35 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) resonator based on a cylindrical cavity with 3 mm sample access. The design is robust; simple to manufacture and maintain; and, with its elevated Q value, well-suited to sensitive EPR experiments using continuous-wave or low-power pulsed excitation. Thus, we make multi-frequency EPR spectroscopy, a powerful approach to deconvolute overlapping paramagnetic species, more accessible.
Julian Stropp, Nino Wili, Niels Christian Nielsen, and Daniel Klose
Magn. Reson. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-14, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for MR
Short summary
Short summary
Sensitivity is often the limiting factor in ENDOR. Here, we demonstrate how using chirp radiofrequency pulses can improve ENDOR sensitivity up to 3-9-fold, with the strongest increase for broader lines often encountered in disordered solids for nuclei such as nitrogen and metals. The resulting drastic speed-up in acquisition times renders also 2D ENDOR more feasible, as we demonstrate in 2D TRIPLE showing correlations of Cu hyperfine couplings.
Agathe Vanas, Janne Soetbeer, Frauke Diana Breitgoff, Henrik Hintz, Muhammad Sajid, Yevhen Polyhach, Adelheid Godt, Gunnar Jeschke, Maxim Yulikov, and Daniel Klose
Magn. Reson., 4, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-4-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-4-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nanometre distance measurements between spin labels by pulse EPR techniques yield structural information on the molecular level. Here, backed by experimental data, we derive a description for the total signal of the single-frequency technique for refocusing dipolar couplings (SIFTER), showing how the different spin–spin interactions give rise to dipolar signal and background – the latter has thus far been unknown.
Nino Wili, Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen, and Gunnar Jeschke
Magn. Reson., 3, 161–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-3-161-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-3-161-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) transfers polarisation from electron to nuclear spins. This is usually combined with direct detection of the latter. Here, we show that it is possible to reverse the transfer at 1.2 T. This allows us to investigate the spin dynamics of nuclear spins close to electrons – something that is notoriously difficult with established methods. We expect reverse DNP to be useful in the study of spin diffusion or as a building block for more elaborate pulse sequences.
Markus Teucher, Mian Qi, Ninive Cati, Henrik Hintz, Adelheid Godt, and Enrica Bordignon
Magn. Reson., 1, 285–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-285-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-285-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With a pulsed dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance technique named double electron–electron resonance (DEER), we measure nanometer distances between spin labels attached to biomolecules. If more than one spin type is present (A and B), we can separately address AA, AB, and BB distances via distinct spectroscopic channels, increasing the information content per sample. Here, we investigate the appearance of unwanted channel crosstalks in DEER and suggest ways to identify and suppress them.
Hassane EL Mkami, Robert I. Hunter, Paul A. S. Cruickshank, Michael J. Taylor, Janet E. Lovett, Akiva Feintuch, Mian Qi, Adelheid Godt, and Graham M. Smith
Magn. Reson., 1, 301–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-301-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-301-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Through a series of DEER measurements on two Gd rulers, with Gd–Gd distances of 2.1 and 6.0 nm, we show that artefacts commonly observed when measuring short distances can be eliminated by avoiding excitation of the central transition by both the pump and observer pulses. By using a wideband induction mode sample holder at 94 GHz, we demonstrate that high-quality DEER measurements will become possible using Gd spin labels at sub-µM concentrations, with implications for in-cell DEER measurements.
Luis Fábregas Ibáñez, Gunnar Jeschke, and Stefan Stoll
Magn. Reson., 1, 209–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-209-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-209-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy methods such as DEER provide data on how proteins change shape, thus giving detailed insight into how proteins work. We present DeerLab, a comprehensive open-source software for reliably analyzing the associated data. The software implements a series of theoretical and algorithmic innovations and thereby improves the quality and reproducibility of data analysis.
Kathrin Aebischer, Nino Wili, Zdeněk Tošner, and Matthias Ernst
Magn. Reson., 1, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Resonant pulses in a spin-lock frame are used to select parts of the rf-field distribution in NMR experiments. Such pulses can be implemented in a straightforward way and arbitrarily shaped pulses can be used. We show an application of such pulses in homonuclear decoupling where restricting the amplitude distribution of the rf field leads to improved performance.
Jörn Lessmeier, Hans Peter Dette, Adelheid Godt, and Thomas Koop
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15841–15857, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15841-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15841-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We synthesized a compound, a tetraol, which is an atmospheric oxidation product in isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosols, and studied whether the tetraol is liquid or solid depending upon temperature and relative humidity, both in pure form and in mixtures with other compounds. Our results imply a liquid state of
isoprene-derived aerosol particles in the lower troposphere at moderate humidity, but a solid state at colder upper tropospheric conditions, thus supporting modeling calculations.
Related subject area
Field: EPR | Topic: Pulse-sequence development
Electron spin dynamics during microwave pulses studied by 94 GHz chirp and phase-modulated EPR experiments
Increased sensitivity in Electron Nuclear Double Resonance spectroscopy with chirped radiofrequency pulses
The decay of the refocused Hahn echo in double electron–electron resonance (DEER) experiments
Strategies to identify and suppress crosstalk signals in double electron–electron resonance (DEER) experiments with gadoliniumIII and nitroxide spin-labeled compounds
Optimising broadband pulses for DEER depends on concentration and distance range of interest
Marvin Lenjer, Nino Wili, Fabian Hecker, and Marina Bennati
Magn. Reson. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-16, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-16, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for MR
Short summary
Short summary
Electron spin dynamics during microwave irradiation are of increasing interest in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Here, we show that these dynamics can be probed by modern pulse EPR experiments that use shaped microwave pulses. Combined with spin dynamics simulations, these results provide a starting point for optimizing existing EPR experiments and for developing new pulse sequences.
Julian Stropp, Nino Wili, Niels Christian Nielsen, and Daniel Klose
Magn. Reson. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2024-14, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for MR
Short summary
Short summary
Sensitivity is often the limiting factor in ENDOR. Here, we demonstrate how using chirp radiofrequency pulses can improve ENDOR sensitivity up to 3-9-fold, with the strongest increase for broader lines often encountered in disordered solids for nuclei such as nitrogen and metals. The resulting drastic speed-up in acquisition times renders also 2D ENDOR more feasible, as we demonstrate in 2D TRIPLE showing correlations of Cu hyperfine couplings.
Thorsten Bahrenberg, Samuel M. Jahn, Akiva Feintuch, Stefan Stoll, and Daniella Goldfarb
Magn. Reson., 2, 161–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2-161-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-2-161-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Double electron–electron resonance (DEER) provides information on the structure of proteins by attaching two spin labels to the protein at a well-defined location and measuring the distance between them. The sensitivity of the method in terms of the amount of the protein that is needed for the experiment depends strongly on the relaxation properties of the spin label and the composition of the solvent. We show how to set up the experiment for best sensitivity when the solvent is water (H2O).
Markus Teucher, Mian Qi, Ninive Cati, Henrik Hintz, Adelheid Godt, and Enrica Bordignon
Magn. Reson., 1, 285–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-285-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-285-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With a pulsed dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance technique named double electron–electron resonance (DEER), we measure nanometer distances between spin labels attached to biomolecules. If more than one spin type is present (A and B), we can separately address AA, AB, and BB distances via distinct spectroscopic channels, increasing the information content per sample. Here, we investigate the appearance of unwanted channel crosstalks in DEER and suggest ways to identify and suppress them.
Andreas Scherer, Sonja Tischlik, Sabrina Weickert, Valentin Wittmann, and Malte Drescher
Magn. Reson., 1, 59–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-59-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-1-59-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The determination of distance distributions in the nanometre range is an important application of pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. However, low sensitivity is often a major challenge. In this paper, we compare several broadband-shaped pulses and compare their performance to classical rectangular pulses in order to increase the sensitivity of double electron–electron resonance to a commercial setup. We show that improvements in sensitivity of up to 86 % are possible.
Cited articles
Anders, J. and Lips, K.: MR to go, J. Magn. Reson., 306, 118–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.007, 2019. a
Blank, A.: A new approach to distance measurements between two spin labels in the >10 nm range, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 19, 5222–5229, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP07597E, 2017. a
Blank, A., Twig, Y., and Ishay, Y.: Recent trends in high spin sensitivity magnetic resonance, J. Magn. Reson., 280, 20–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2017.02.019, 2017. a
Borbat, P. P. and Freed, J. H.: Multiple-quantum ESR and distance measurements, Chem. Phys. Lett., 313, 145–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(99)00972-0, 1999. a
Borbat, P. P., Georgieva, E. R., and Freed, J. H.: Improved sensitivity for long-distance measurements in biomolecules: Five-pulse double electron-electron resonance, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 4, 170–175, https://doi.org/10.1021/jz301788n, 2013. a
Bordignon, E. and Bleicken, S.: New limits of sensitivity of site-directed spin labeling electron paramagnetic resonance for membrane proteins, BBA-Biomembranes, 1860, 841–853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.12.009, 2018. a
Breitgoff, F. D., Soetbeer, J., Doll, A., Jeschke, G., and Polyhach, Y. O.: Artefact suppression in 5-pulse double electron electron resonance for distance distribution measurements, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 19, 15766–15779, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP01488K, 2017. a
Brown, I. M.: Electron spin-echo studies of relaxation processes in molecular solids, in: Time Domain Electron Spin Resonance, edited by: Kevan, L. and Schwartz, R., John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, p. 200, 1979. a
Chen, H.-Y. and Tycko, R.: Slice Selection in Low-Temperature, DNP-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging by Lee-Goldburg Spin-Locking and Phase Modulation, J. Magn. Reson., 313, 106715, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106715, 2020. a
Cohen, I., Aharon, N., and Retzker, A.: Continuous dynamical decoupling utilizing time-dependent detuning, Fortschr. Physik, 65, 1600071, https://doi.org/10.1002/prop.201600071, 2017. a, b
Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Dupont-Roc, J., and Grynberg, G.: Atom-Photon Interactions, Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 1992. a
Doll, A.: Frequency-Swept Microwave Pulses for Electron Spin Resonance, PhD thesis, ETH Zurich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010670425, 2016. a
Doll, A. and Jeschke, G.: Fourier-transform electron spin resonance with bandwidth-compensated chirp pulses, J. Magn. Reson., 246, 18–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2014.06.016, 2014. a
Doll, A. and Jeschke, G.: Wideband frequency-swept excitation in pulsed EPR spectroscopy, J. Magn. Reson., 280, 46–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2017.01.004, 2017. a
Duss, O., Yulikov, M., Jeschke, G., and Allain, F. H.-T.: EPR-aided approach for solution structure determination of large RNAs or protein-RNA complexes, Nat. Commun., 5, 3669, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4669, 2014. a
Ernst, M.: Heteronuclear spin decoupling in solid-state NMR under magic-angle sample spinning, J. Magn. Reson., 162, 34 pp., https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-7807(03)00074-0, 2003. a
Georgieva, E. R., Ramlall, T. F., Borbat, P. P., Freed, J. H., and Eliezer, D.: The Lipid-binding Domain of Wild Type and Mutant a-Synuclein, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 28261–28274, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110.157214, 2010. a
Godt, A., Schulte, M., Zimmermann, H., and Jeschke, G.: How Flexible Are Poly(para-phenyleneethynylene)s?, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 45, 7560–7564, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200602807, 2006. a, b
Hintz, H., Vanas, A., Klose, D., Jeschke, G., and Godt, A.: Trityl Radicals with a Combination of the Orthogonal Functional Groups Ethyne and Carboxyl: Synthesis without a Statistical Step and EPR Characterization, J. Org. Chem., 84, 3304–3320, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b03234, 2019. a, b
Hoult, D. I.: Rotating frame zeugmatography, J. Magn. Reson., 33, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(79)90202-6, 1979. a
Jeschke, G.: DEER Distance Measurements on Proteins, Annu. Rev.
Phys. Chem., 63, 419–46, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143716, 2012. a
Jeschke, G. and Schweiger, A.: Hyperfine decoupling in electron spin resonance, J. Chem. Phys., 106, 9979–9991, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.474073, 1997. a, b, c
Jeschke, G., Pannier, M., Godt, A., and Spiess, H.: Dipolar spectroscopy and spin alignment in electron paramagnetic resonance, Chem. Phys. Lett., 331, 243–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(00)01171-4, 2000. a
Jeschke, G., Sajid, M., Schulte, M., Ramezanian, N., Volkov, A., Zimmermann, H., and Godt, A.: Flexibility of shape-persistent molecular building blocks composed of p-phenylene and ethynylene units, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 10107–10117, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja102983b, 2010. a, b
Klauder, J. R. and Anderson, P. W.: Spectral Diffusion Decay in Spin Resonance Experiments, Phys. Rev., 125, 912–932, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.125.912, 1962. a
Kulik, L. V., Dzuba, S. A., Grigoryev, I. A., and Tsvetkov, Y. D.: Electron dipole-dipole interaction in ESEEM of nitroxide biradicals, Chem. Phys. Lett., 343, 315–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00721-7, 2001. a
Laucht, A., Simmons, S., Kalra, R., Tosi, G., Dehollain, J. P., Muhonen, J. T., Freer, S., Hudson, F. E., Itoh, K. M., Jamieson, D. N., McCallum, J. C., Dzurak, A. S., and Morello, A.: Breaking the rotating wave approximation for a strongly driven dressed single-electron spin, Phys. Rev. B, 94, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.161302, 2016. a, b
Laucht, A., Kalra, R., Simmons, S., Dehollain, J. P., Muhonen, J. T., Mohiyaddin, F. A., Freer, S., Hudson, F. E., Itoh, K. M., Jamieson, D. N., McCallum, J. C., Dzurak, A. S., and Morello, A.: A dressed spin qubit in silicon, Nat. Nanotechnol., 12, 61–66, https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.178, 2017. a
Meyer, A., Jassoy, J. J., Spicher, S., Berndhäuser, A., and Schiemann, O.: Performance of PELDOR, RIDME, SIFTER, and DQC in measuring distances in trityl based bi- and triradicals: Exchange coupling, pseudosecular coupling and multi-spin effects, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 20, 13858–13869, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01276h, 2018. a, b
Michaeli, S., Sorce, D. J., Idiyatullin, D., Ugurbil, K., and Garwood, M.: Transverse relaxation in the rotating frame induced by chemical exchange,
J. Magn. Reson., 169, 293–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2004.05.010, 2004. a
Milikisyants, S., Scarpelli, F., Finiguerra, M. G., Ubbink, M., and Huber, M.: A pulsed EPR method to determine distances between paramagnetic centers with strong spectral anisotropy and radicals: The dead-time free RIDME sequence, J. Magn. Reson., 201, 48–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2009.08.008, 2009. a
Milov, A. D., Ponomarev, A. B., and Tsvetkov, Y. D.: Electron-electron double resonance in electron spin echo: Model biradical systems and the sensitized photolysis of decalin, Chem. Phys. Lett., 110, 67–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(84)80148-7, 1984. a
Müller, L. and Ernst, R.: Coherence transfer in the rotating frame, Mol. Phys., 38, 963–992, https://doi.org/10.1080/00268977900102161, 1979. a
Narkowicz, R., Suter, D., and Niemeyer, I.: Scaling of sensitivity and efficiency in planar microresonators for electron spin resonance, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 79, 084702, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2964926, 2008. a
Pannier, M., Veit, S., Godt, A., Jeschke, G., and Spiess, H. W.: Dead-Time Free Measurement of Dipole-Dipole Interactions between Electron Spins, J. Magn. Reson., 142, 331–340, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmre.1999.1944, 2000. a
Qi, M., Hülsmann, M., and Godt, A.: Spacers for Geometrically Well-Defined Water-Soluble Molecular Rulers and Their Application, J. Org. Chem., 81, 2549–2571, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.6b00125, 2016. a
Redfield, A. G.: Nuclear magnetic resonance saturation and rotary saturation in solids, Phys. Rev., 98, 1787–1809, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.98.1787, 1955. a
Reginsson, G. W., Kunjir, N. C., Sigurdsson, S. T., and Schiemann, O.: Trityl radicals: Spin labels for nanometer-distance measurements, Chem.-Eur. J., 18, 13580–13584, https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201203014, 2012. a
Rhim, W.-K., Pines, A., and Waugh, J. S.: Violation of the Spin-Temperature Hypothesis, Phys. Rev. Lett., 25, 218–220, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.218, 1970. a
Ritsch, I., Hintz, H., Jeschke, G., Godt, A., and Yulikov, M.: Improving the Accuracy of Cu(II)-Nitroxide RIDME in the Presence of Orientation Correlation Evaluated with Water-soluble Cu(II)-Nitroxide Rulers, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 21, 9810–9830, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP06573J, 2019. a, b
Sahoo, D., Thiele, S., Schulte, M., Ramezanian, N., and Godt, A.: Polar tagging in the synthesis of monodisperse oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s and an update on the synthesis of oligoPPEs, Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 6, 20–24, https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.57, 2010. a
Saiko, A. P., Fedaruk, R., and Markevich, S. A.: Suppression of electron spin
decoherence in Rabi oscillations induced by an inhomogeneous microwave field, J. Magn. Reson., 290, 60–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2018.02.003, 2018. a
Schmidt, T., Wälti, M. A., Baber, J. L., Hustedt, E. J., and Clore, G. M.: Long Distance Measurements up to 160 Å in the GroEL Tetradecamer Using Q-Band DEER EPR Spectroscopy, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 55, 15905–15909, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201609617, 2016.
a
Shevelev, G. Y., Krumkacheva, O. A., Lomzov, A. A., Kuzhelev, A. A., Rogozhnikova, O. Y., Trukhin, D. V., Troitskaya, T. I., Tormyshev, V. M., Fedin, M. V., Pyshnyi, D. V., and Bagryanskaya, E. G.: Physiological-temperature distance measurement in nucleic acid using triarylmethyl-based spin labels and pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 9874–9877, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja505122n, 2014. a
Sidabras, J. W., Duan, J., Winkler, M., Happe, T., Hussein, R., Zouni, A., Suter, D., Schnegg, A., Lubitz, W., and Reijerse, E. J.: Extending electron
paramagnetic resonance to nanoliter volume protein single crystals using a
self-resonant microhelix, Science Advances, 5, eaay1394, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay1394, 2019. a
Soetbeer, J., Hülsmann, M., Godt, A., Polyhach, Y., and Jeschke, G.: Dynamical decoupling of nitroxides in o-terphenyl: a study of temperature, deuteration and concentration effects, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 20,
1615–1628, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP07074H, 2018. a
Spindler, P. E., Waclawska, I., Endeward, B., Plackmeyer, J., Ziegler, C., and Prisner, T. F.: Carr-Purcell Pulsed Electron Double Resonance with Shaped Inversion Pulses, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 6, 4331–4335, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01933, 2015. a
Stoll, S. and Schweiger, A.: EasySpin, a comprehensive software package for spectral simulation and analysis in EPR, J. Magn. Reson., 178, 42–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2005.08.013, 2006. a
Tschaggelar, R., Breitgoff, F. D., Oberhänsli, O., Qi, M., Godt, A., and Jeschke, G.: High-Bandwidth Q-Band EPR Resonators, Appl. Magn. Reson., 48, 1273–1300, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-017-0956-z, 2017. a
Ward, R., Bowman, A., Sozudogru, E., El-Mkami, H., Owen-Hughes, T., and Norman, D. G.: EPR distance measurements in deuterated proteins, J. Magn. Reson., 207, 164–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2010.08.002, 2010. a
Wili, N.: Distance measurements between trityl radicals by pulse dressed electron paramagnetic resonance with phase modulation: Raw Data, Processing Scripts, Simulations (Version submitted version), Data set, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3703053, 2020. a
Short summary
Measuring distances between unpaired electron spins is an important application of electron paramagnetic resonance. The longest distance that is accessible is limited by the phase memory time of the electron spins. Here we show that strong continuous microwave irradiation can significantly slow down relaxation. Additionally, we introduce a phase-modulation scheme that allows measurement of the distance during the irradiation. Our approach could thus significantly extend the accessible distances.
Measuring distances between unpaired electron spins is an important application of electron...