Articles | Volume 3, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-3-169-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/mr-3-169-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Site-selective generation of lanthanoid binding sites on proteins using 4-fluoro-2,6-dicyanopyridine
Sreelakshmi Mekkattu Tharayil
Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Mithun C. Mahawaththa
ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Akiva Feintuch
Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Ansis Maleckis
Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006 Riga, Latvia
Sven Ullrich
Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Richard Morewood
Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Michael J. Maxwell
ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Thomas Huber
Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Christoph Nitsche
Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Daniella Goldfarb
Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Gottfried Otting
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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A new way is presented for creating lanthanide binding sites on proteins using site-specifically introduced phosphoserine residues. The paramagnetic effects of lanthanides generate long-range effects, which contain structural information and are readily measured by NMR spectroscopy. Excellent correlations between experimentally observed and back-calculated pseudocontact shifts attest to very good immobilization of the lanthanide ions relative to the proteins.
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A protein is produced where a single amino acid type is substituted globally by a fluorinated analogue. Through-space fluorine–fluorine contacts are observed by 19F NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Substitution of methyl groups by CH2F groups yields outstanding spectral resolution with minimal structural perturbation of the protein. Our work identifies the γ-gauche effect as the main reason for the spectral dispersion.
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A novel cell-free protein synthesis system called eCells produces amino acids based on specific isotopes using low-cost precursors. The system selectively labels methyl groups, i.e valine and leucine, with high efficiency. eCells achieve high levels of 13C incorporation and deuteration in protein preparations, making them suitable for NMR experiments of large protein complexes. They are easy to prepare, can be scaled up in volume and are a promising tool for protein production and NMR studies.
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Installing a tag containing a paramagnetic metal ion on a protein can lead to large changes (pseudocontact shifts) in the resonances observed in NMR spectra. These are easily measured and contain valuable long-range structural information. The present work shows that a single tagging site furnished with different tags can be sufficient to localise atoms in proteins with high accuracy. In fact, this strategy works almost as well as the same number of tags distributed over multiple tagging sites.
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This paper explores a method for determining the solution structure of a solvent-exposed polypeptide segment (the L3 loop), which is next to the active site of the penicillin-degrading enzyme IMP-1. Tagging three different sites on the protein with paramagnetic metal ions allowed positioning of the L3 loop with atomic resolution. It was found that the method was more robust when omitting data obtained with different metal ions if obtained with the same tag at the same tagging site.
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Double electron–electron resonance (DEER) provides information on the structure of proteins by attaching two spin labels to the protein at a well-defined location and measuring the distance between them. The sensitivity of the method in terms of the amount of the protein that is needed for the experiment depends strongly on the relaxation properties of the spin label and the composition of the solvent. We show how to set up the experiment for best sensitivity when the solvent is water (H2O).
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A new way is presented for creating lanthanide binding sites on proteins using site-specifically introduced phosphoserine residues. The paramagnetic effects of lanthanides generate long-range effects, which contain structural information and are readily measured by NMR spectroscopy. Excellent correlations between experimentally observed and back-calculated pseudocontact shifts attest to very good immobilization of the lanthanide ions relative to the proteins.
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Through a series of DEER measurements on two Gd rulers, with Gd–Gd distances of 2.1 and 6.0 nm, we show that artefacts commonly observed when measuring short distances can be eliminated by avoiding excitation of the central transition by both the pump and observer pulses. By using a wideband induction mode sample holder at 94 GHz, we demonstrate that high-quality DEER measurements will become possible using Gd spin labels at sub-µM concentrations, with implications for in-cell DEER measurements.
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Short summary
Having shown that tagging a protein at a single site with different lanthanoid complexes delivers outstanding structural information at a selected site of a protein (such as active sites and ligand binding sites), we now present a simple way by which different lanthanoid complexes can be assembled on a highly solvent-exposed cysteine residue. Furthermore, the chemical assembly is selective for selenocysteine, if a selenocysteine residue can be introduced into the protein of interest.
Having shown that tagging a protein at a single site with different lanthanoid complexes...